Kutupa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimayambitsavalavukuwonongeka. Chifukwa chake, muvalavuchitetezo, ma valve oletsa dzimbiri ndi nkhani yofunika kuiganizira.
Valavumawonekedwe a dzimbiri
Kuzimiririka kwa zitsulo kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha dzimbiri la mankhwala ndi dzimbiri lamagetsi, ndipo kuzimiririka kwa zinthu zopanda zitsulo nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala ndi zakuthupi mwachindunji.
1. Kutupa kwa mankhwala
Ngati palibe mphamvu yopangidwa, cholumikizira chozungulira chimakumana mwachindunji ndi chitsulocho ndikuchiwononga, monga kuwonongeka kwa chitsulo ndi mpweya wouma wotentha kwambiri komanso yankho losakhala lamagetsi.
2. Kutupa kwa Galvanic
Chitsulocho chimakhudzana ndi electrolyte, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi ayende bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwonongeke ndi mphamvu ya electrochemical, yomwe ndi njira yayikulu yopangira dzimbiri.
Kutupa kwa mchere komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha asidi, dzimbiri la mumlengalenga, dzimbiri la nthaka, dzimbiri la m'madzi a m'nyanja, dzimbiri la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, dzimbiri la m'ming'alu ndi dzimbiri la chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero, zonsezi ndi dzimbiri la electrochemical. Kutupa kwa electrochemical sikuti kumachitika kokha pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zingathandize pa mankhwala, komanso kumabweretsa kusiyana komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa yankho, kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wozungulira, kusiyana pang'ono kwa kapangidwe ka chinthucho, ndi zina zotero, ndikupeza mphamvu ya dzimbiri, kotero kuti chitsulo chomwe chili ndi mphamvu yochepa komanso malo a mbale youma ya dzuwa zimatayika.
Vavu dzimbiri mlingo
Mlingo wa dzimbiri ungagawidwe m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi:
(1) Yosagonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri konse: chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri ndi chochepera 0.001 mm/chaka
(2) Yolimba kwambiri ndi dzimbiri: chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri 0.001 mpaka 0.01 mm/chaka
(3) Kukana dzimbiri: kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri 0.01 mpaka 0.1 mm/chaka
(4) Kukana dzimbiri: chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri 0.1 mpaka 1.0 mm/chaka
(5) Kukana dzimbiri koipa: chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri 1.0 mpaka 10 mm pachaka
(6) Sizimalimbana ndi dzimbiri: chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri chimaposa 10 mm pachaka
Njira zisanu ndi zinayi zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri
1. Sankhani zipangizo zosagwira dzimbiri malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zowononga
Mu kupanga kwenikweni, dzimbiri la sing'anga ndi lovuta kwambiri, ngakhale ngati zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sing'anga imodzi ndi zofanana, kuchuluka, kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa sing'anga ndizosiyana, ndipo dzimbiri la sing'anga ndi zinthu sizili zofanana. Pakuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa 10°C kwa kutentha kwapakati, chiŵerengero cha dzimbiri chimawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi nthawi 1 mpaka 3.
Kuchuluka kwapakati kumakhudza kwambiri dzimbiri la zinthu za valve, monga momwe lead ili mu sulfuric acid yokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa, dzimbiri limakhala laling'ono kwambiri, ndipo pamene kuchuluka kwake kukupitirira 96%, dzimbiri limakwera kwambiri. M'malo mwake, chitsulo cha kaboni chimakhala ndi dzimbiri lalikulu kwambiri pamene kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid kuli pafupifupi 50%, ndipo pamene kuchuluka kwake kukukwera kufika pa 60%, dzimbiri limachepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, aluminiyamu imawononga kwambiri mu nitric acid yokhala ndi kuchuluka kopitilira 80%, koma imawononga kwambiri mu nitric acid yokhala ndi kuchuluka kocheperako, ndipo chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimalimbana kwambiri ndi nitric acid, koma imawonjezeka mu nitric acid yokhala ndi kuchuluka kopitilira 95%.
Kuchokera ku zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambapa, zitha kuwoneka kuti kusankha koyenera kwa zipangizo zama valavu kuyenera kutengera momwe zinthu zilili, kusanthula zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza dzimbiri, ndikusankha zipangizo malinga ndi malangizo oyenera oletsa dzimbiri.
2. Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zopanda chitsulo
Kukana dzimbiri kosagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ndikwabwino kwambiri, bola ngati kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa valavu zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za zinthu zosagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, sikungothetsa vuto la dzimbiri, komanso kupulumutsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Thupi la valavu, bonnet, lining, pamwamba pa chitseko ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizigwiritsa ntchito chitsulo zimapangidwa.
Mapulasitiki monga PTFE ndi polyether yopangidwa ndi chlorine, komanso rabala yachilengedwe, neoprene, rabala ya nitrile ndi ma rabala ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma valve, ndipo thupi lalikulu la bonnet ya valavu limapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chitsulo cha kaboni. Sikuti zimangotsimikizira mphamvu ya valavu, komanso zimaonetsetsa kuti valavuyo siikupsa.
Masiku ano, mapulasitiki ambiri monga nayiloni ndi PTFE akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mphira wachilengedwe ndi rabala wopangidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo osiyanasiyana otsekera ndi mphete zotsekera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma valve osiyanasiyana. Zipangizo zopanda chitsulo izi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otsekera sizimangokhala ndi dzimbiri labwino, komanso zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino otsekera, zomwe ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zachidziwikire, sizolimba kwambiri komanso sizimatentha kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zake ndizochepa.
3. Chithandizo cha pamwamba pa chitsulo
(1) Kulumikiza ma valavu: Nkhono yolumikizira ma valavu nthawi zambiri imachiritsidwa ndi galvanizing, chrome plating, ndi oxidation (buluu) kuti ipititse patsogolo mphamvu yolimbana ndi dzimbiri la mumlengalenga komanso lapakatikati. Kuwonjezera pa njira zomwe tatchulazi, zomangira zina zimachiritsidwanso ndi mankhwala a pamwamba monga phosphating malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.
(2) Kutseka pamwamba ndi mbali zotsekedwa zokhala ndi mainchesi ang'onoang'ono: njira zogwirira ntchito pamwamba monga nitriding ndi boronizing zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwonjezere kukana dzimbiri ndi kukana kukalamba.
(3) Kuletsa dzimbiri: kuyika nitriding, boronization, chrome plating, nickel plating ndi njira zina zochizira pamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti ziwongolere kukana dzimbiri, kukana dzimbiri komanso kukana kukanda.
Machiritso osiyanasiyana pamwamba ayenera kukhala oyenera zinthu zosiyanasiyana za tsinde ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, mumlengalenga, malo osungira nthunzi ya madzi ndi asbestos packing contact stem, angagwiritse ntchito chrome plating yolimba, njira yopangira nitriding ya gasi (chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri sichiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ion nitriding process): mumlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito electroplating high phosphorus nickel coating ili ndi chitetezo chabwino; 38CrMOAIA ingathenso kukana dzimbiri chifukwa cha ion ndi gasi nitriding, koma chrome cladding yolimba si yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito; 2Cr13 imatha kukana dzimbiri la ammonia itatha kuzimitsidwa ndi kutenthedwa, ndipo carbon steel pogwiritsa ntchito gasi nitriding ingathenso kukana dzimbiri la ammonia, pomwe zigawo zonse za phosphorous-nickel plating sizilimbana ndi dzimbiri la ammonia, ndipo gasi nitriding 38CrMOAIA zinthu zimakhala ndi kukana dzimbiri kwabwino komanso magwiridwe antchito ambiri, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma valve stems.
(4) Thupi la valavu yaying'ono ndi gudumu lamanja: Nthawi zambiri limakutidwa ndi chrome kuti liwongolere kukana dzimbiri ndikukongoletsa valavu.
4. Kupopera kutentha
Kupopera mankhwala otenthetsera ndi njira yopangira zokutira, ndipo kwakhala njira imodzi yatsopano yotetezera pamwamba pa zinthu. Ndi njira yolimbikitsira pamwamba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magwero otentha amphamvu kwambiri (lawi loyaka gasi, arc yamagetsi, arc ya plasma, kutentha kwamagetsi, kuphulika kwa gasi, ndi zina zotero) kuti itenthetse ndikusungunula chitsulo kapena zinthu zosakhala zachitsulo, ndikuzipopera pamwamba pa chinthu choyambira chomwe chakonzedwa kale mu mawonekedwe a atomization kuti apange chophimba chopopera, kapena kutentha pamwamba pa chinthucho nthawi yomweyo, kuti chophimbacho chisungunukenso pamwamba pa chinthucho kuti chipange njira yolimbikitsira pamwamba pa chinthucho.
Zitsulo zambiri ndi zinthu zake zosakaniza, zitsulo zoumba za oxide, cermet composites ndi mankhwala olimba achitsulo amatha kuphimbidwa ndi zitsulo kapena zinthu zopanda chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena zingapo zopopera kutentha, zomwe zingathandize kukana dzimbiri pamwamba, kukana kuvala, kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi zinthu zina, ndikuwonjezera moyo wautumiki. Kupopera kutentha ndi chinthu chapadera chogwirira ntchito, chokhala ndi kutchinjiriza kutentha, kutchinjiriza (kapena magetsi osazolowereka), kutseka kopukutira, kudzipaka mafuta, kutentha kwa dzuwa, kuteteza magetsi ndi zinthu zina zapadera, kugwiritsa ntchito kupopera kutentha kumatha kukonza ziwalo.
5. Utoto wopopera
Kupaka utoto ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopewera dzimbiri, ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chopewera dzimbiri komanso chizindikiro chodziwira zinthu zomwe zili mu valavu. Kupaka utoto ndi chinthu chosakhala chachitsulo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi utomoni wopangidwa, slurry ya rabara, mafuta a masamba, zosungunulira, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimaphimba pamwamba pa chitsulo, kusiyanitsa cholumikizira ndi mlengalenga, ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chopewera dzimbiri.
Zophimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'madzi, madzi amchere, madzi a m'nyanja, mlengalenga ndi malo ena omwe sawononga kwambiri. Mkati mwa valavu nthawi zambiri mumapakidwa utoto woletsa kuwononga kuti madzi, mpweya ndi zinthu zina zisawononge valavu.
6. Onjezani zoletsa dzimbiri
Njira yomwe zoletsa dzimbiri zimawongolera dzimbiri ndi yakuti zimathandizira kugawa kwa batri. Zoletsa dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'ma media ndi ma filler. Kuwonjezera zoletsa dzimbiri ku sing'anga kumatha kuchepetsa dzimbiri la zida ndi ma valve, monga chromium-nickel stainless steel mu oxygen-free sulfuric acid, kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka komwe kumafika pamlingo wowotcha, dzimbiri ndi lalikulu kwambiri, koma kuwonjezera pang'ono copper sulfate kapena nitric acid ndi ma oxidant ena, kungapangitse chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukhala blunt state, pamwamba pa filimu yoteteza kuti isawonongeke, mu hydrochloric acid, ngati kuchuluka pang'ono kwa oxidant kwawonjezeredwa, dzimbiri la titaniyamu lingachepe.
Kuyesa kuthamanga kwa valavu nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yoyesera kuthamanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dzimbiri liziwonongeke mosavuta.valavu, ndipo kuwonjezera pang'ono sodium nitrite m'madzi kungalepheretse dzimbiri la valavu ndi madzi. Kuyika asbestos kuli ndi chloride, yomwe imawononga kwambiri tsinde la valavu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chloride kumatha kuchepetsedwa ngati njira yotsukira madzi ndi nthunzi itagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma njira iyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuyigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo singathe kutchuka kwambiri, ndipo ndi yoyenera zosowa zapadera zokha.
Pofuna kuteteza tsinde la valavu ndikuletsa dzimbiri la asbestos packing, mu asbestos packing, choletsa dzimbiri ndi chitsulo choperekedwa nsembe zimakutidwa pa tsinde la valavu, choletsa dzimbiri chimapangidwa ndi sodium nitrite ndi sodium chromate, zomwe zimatha kupanga filimu yodutsa pamwamba pa tsinde la valavu ndikuwonjezera kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa tsinde la valavu, ndipo chosungunulira chingapangitse kuti choletsa dzimbiri chisungunuke pang'onopang'ono ndikuchita gawo lopaka mafuta; Ndipotu, zinc ndi choletsa dzimbiri, chomwe poyamba chingaphatikizidwe ndi chloride mu asbestos, kotero kuti chloride ndi tsinde la chitsulo zichepe kwambiri, kuti cholinga choletsa dzimbiri chikwaniritsidwe.
7. Chitetezo cha zamagetsi
Pali mitundu iwiri ya chitetezo chamagetsi: chitetezo cha anodic ndi chitetezo cha cathodic. Ngati zinc imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza chitsulo, zinc imadulidwa, zinc imatchedwa chitsulo chodzipereka, popanga, chitetezo cha anode chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono, chitetezo cha cathodic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Njira yotetezera cathodic iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma valve akuluakulu ndi ma valve ofunikira, yomwe ndi njira yotsika mtengo, yosavuta komanso yothandiza, ndipo zinc imawonjezedwa ku asbestos packing kuti iteteze tsinde la valve.
8. Yang'anirani malo owononga
Malo otchedwa chilengedwe ali ndi mitundu iwiri ya kuganiza kwakukulu ndi kuganiza kopapatiza, kuganiza kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe kumatanthauza malo ozungulira malo oyikapo valavu ndi malo ake ozungulira mkati, ndipo kuganiza kochepa kwa chilengedwe kumatanthauza zinthu zomwe zimazungulira malo oyikapo valavu.
Malo ambiri ndi osalamulirika, ndipo njira zopangira sizingasinthidwe mwachisawawa. Pokhapokha ngati sipadzakhala kuwonongeka kwa chinthucho ndi njira yochigwiritsira ntchito, njira yowongolera chilengedwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga kuchotsa mpweya m'madzi a boiler, kuwonjezera alkali mu njira yoyengera mafuta kuti musinthe PH, ndi zina zotero. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kuwonjezera zoletsa dzimbiri ndi chitetezo chamagetsi chomwe chatchulidwa pamwambapa ndi njira yowongolera chilengedwe chowononga.
Mlengalenga muli fumbi, nthunzi ya madzi ndi utsi, makamaka m'malo opangira zinthu, monga utsi wamadzi, mpweya woipa ndi ufa wosalala wotulutsidwa ndi zipangizo, zomwe zimayambitsa dzimbiri pa valavu. Wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyeretsa ndi kutsuka valavu nthawi zonse ndikuwonjezera mafuta nthawi zonse malinga ndi zomwe zaperekedwa mu njira zogwirira ntchito, zomwe ndi njira yothandiza yowongolera dzimbiri la chilengedwe. Kuyika chivundikiro choteteza pa tsinde la valavu, kukhazikitsa chitsime cha pansi pa valavu, ndi kupopera utoto pamwamba pa valavu zonse ndi njira zopewera zinthu zowononga kuti zisawonongevalavu.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa malo ozungulira ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, makamaka kwa zida ndi ma valve m'malo otsekedwa, kudzapangitsa kuti dzimbiri lizichuluke, ndipo malo otseguka ogwirira ntchito kapena njira zopumira mpweya ndi kuziziritsira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe zingathere kuti zichepetse dzimbiri la chilengedwe.
9. Sinthani ukadaulo wopangira zinthu ndi kapangidwe ka valavu
Chitetezo choletsa dzimbiri chavalavuNdi vuto lomwe laganiziridwa kuyambira pachiyambi cha kapangidwe kake, ndipo chinthu chopangidwa ndi valavu chokhala ndi kapangidwe koyenera komanso njira yolondola yogwirira ntchito mosakayikira chidzakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakuchepetsa dzimbiri la valavu. Chifukwa chake, dipatimenti yopanga ndi kupanga iyenera kukonza ziwalo zomwe sizili bwino pakupanga kapangidwe kake, njira zolakwika zogwirira ntchito komanso zosavuta kuyambitsa dzimbiri, kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yogwirira ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-22-2025
