Chidule
Valavundi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakina ambiri. Chimayikidwa pa mapaipi kapena zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kuti chiwongolere kuyenda kwa sing'anga posintha malo a njira mu valavu. Ntchito zake ndi izi: kulumikiza kapena kudula sing'anga, kuletsa sing'anga kuti isabwerere m'mbuyo, kusintha magawo monga kuthamanga kwapakati ndi kuyenda kwa sing'anga, kusintha njira yoyendera ya sing'anga, kugawa sing'anga kapena kuteteza mapaipi ndi zida ku kupsinjika kwambiri, ndi zina zotero.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zomangira ma valve, zomwe zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri:valavu ya chipata, valavu ya dziko lonse,valavu yoyezera, valavu ya mpira,valavu ya gulugufe, valavu yolumikizira, valavu ya diaphragm, valavu yotetezera, valavu yowongolera (valavu yowongolera), valavu yotulutsa mpweya, valavu yochepetsera kupanikizika ndi Misampha, ndi zina zotero; Malinga ndi zinthuzo, zimagawidwa mu aloyi yamkuwa, chitsulo choponyedwa, chitsulo cha kaboni, chitsulo cha aloyi, chitsulo cha austenitic, chitsulo cha ferritic-austenitic cha magawo awiri, aloyi yochokera ku nickel, aloyi ya titanium, mapulasitiki aukadaulo ndi mavalavu a ceramic, ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mavalavu apadera monga mavalavu opanikizika kwambiri, mavalavu otulutsa mpweya, mavalavu a malo opangira magetsi, mavalavu a mapaipi ndi mapaipi, mavalavu amakampani a nyukiliya, mavalavu a zombo ndi mavalavu a cryogenic. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavalavu, kukula kwa dzina kuyambira DN1 (yuniti mu mm) mpaka DN9750; kupanikizika kwa dzina kuchokera ku vacuum yochulukirapo ya 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) mpaka kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa PN14600 (gawo la 105 Pa); Kutentha kogwira ntchito kumayambira pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri kwa -269℃kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri kwa 1200℃.
Zogulitsa mavavu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a chuma cha dziko, monga mafuta, gasi lachilengedwe, makina oyeretsera ndi kukonza mafuta ndi gasi ndi mayendedwe a mapaipi, mankhwala, makina opangira mankhwala ndi chakudya, magetsi amadzi, mphamvu ya kutentha ndi makina opangira mphamvu ya nyukiliya; Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma valavu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makina otenthetsera ndi magetsi, makina opangira zitsulo, makina amadzimadzi a zombo, magalimoto, ndege ndi makina osiyanasiyana amasewera, komanso makina othirira ndi otaya madzi m'minda. Kuphatikiza apo, m'magawo aukadaulo watsopano monga chitetezo ndi ndege, ma valavu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi zinthu zapadera amagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mavavu zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la zinthu zopangidwa ndi makina. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za mayiko akunja otukuka, mtengo wa mavavu umafika pafupifupi 5% ya mtengo wazinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi makina. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, chomera champhamvu cha nyukiliya chopangidwa ndi ma kilowatt mamiliyoni awiri chili ndi mavavu pafupifupi 28,000 ogawana, omwe pafupifupi 12,000 ndi mavavu a nyukiliya. Malo amakono akuluakulu a petrochemical amafuna mavavu ambirimbiri osiyanasiyana, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa mu mavavu nthawi zambiri zimakhala 8% mpaka 10% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimayikidwa mu zida.
Mkhalidwe wamakampani a ma valve ku China wakale
01 Malo obadwira mafakitale a ma valve ku China: Shanghai
Ku China wakale, Shanghai inali malo oyamba kupanga ma valve ku China. Mu 1902, Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, yomwe ili pa Wuchang Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, inayamba kupanga ma pompo ang'onoang'ono a teapot ndi manja. Ma pompo a teapot ndi mtundu wa cock ya mkuwa wopangidwa ndi cast. Ndiwo opanga ma valve oyamba ku China omwe amadziwika mpaka pano. Mu 1919, Deda (Shengji) Hardware Factory (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Shanghai Transmission Machinery Factory) idayamba ndi njinga yaying'ono ndipo idayamba kupanga ma cock ang'onoang'ono amkuwa, ma globe valve, ma gate valve ndi fire hydrants. Kupanga ma cast iron valves kunayamba mu 1926, ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa NPS6 (inchi, NPS1 = DN25.4). Munthawi imeneyi, mafakitale a hardware monga Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao ndi Maoxu adatsegulidwanso kuti apange ma valve. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa ma valve a mapaipi pamsika, gulu lina la mafakitale a hardware, mafakitale achitsulo, mafakitale opangira mchenga (casting) ndi mafakitale amakina adatsegulidwa kuti apange ma valve amodzi pambuyo pa ena.
Gulu lopanga ma valve lapangidwa m'madera a Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road ndi Changzhi Road ku Hongkou District, Shanghai. Panthawiyo, mitundu yogulitsidwa kwambiri pamsika wamkati inali "Horse Head", "Three 8″, "Three 9″, "Double Coin", "Iron Anchor", "Chicken Ball" ndi "Eagle Ball". Zogulitsa za mkuwa ndi zitsulo zotayidwa zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa ma valve a mapaipi m'nyumba ndi m'malo osungira ukhondo, ndipo ma valve ochepa achitsulo chotayidwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani opanga nsalu zopepuka. Mafakitale awa ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, okhala ndi ukadaulo wakale, zida zosavuta zamakina komanso kutulutsa ma valve ochepa, koma ndiwo malo oyamba kwambiri opangira ma valve ku China. Pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Shanghai Construction Hardware Association, opanga ma valve awa adalowa nawo mgwirizanowo mmodzi ndi mnzake ndipo adakhala membala wa gulu la waterway.
02 Mafakitale awiri akuluakulu opangira ma valve
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1930, Shanghai Shenhe Machinery Factory inapanga ma valve achitsulo otsika mphamvu pansi pa NPS12 kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito zamadzi. Mu 1935, fakitaleyo inakhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi Xiangfeng Iron Pipe Factory ndi omwe ali ndi magawo a Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. kuti amange Daxin Iron Factory (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale ndi Shanghai Bicycle Factory), mu 1936. Itatha ndikuyikidwa mu ntchito, pali antchito pafupifupi 100, ndipo ili ndi 2.6 zhang (1 zhang).≈3.33m) lathes ndi zida zonyamulira, makamaka popanga zowonjezera zamafakitale ndi migodi, mapaipi amadzi achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi mavalavu achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, kukula kwake kwa valavu ndi NPS6 ~ NPS18, ndipo imatha kupanga ndikupereka mavalavu athunthu a zomera zamadzi, ndipo zinthuzo zimatumizidwa ku Nanjing, Hangzhou ndi Beijing. Pambuyo pa "Ogasiti 13" oukira aku Japan omwe adalanda Shanghai mu 1937, fakitale ndi zida zambiri mufakitale zidawonongedwa ndi mfuti zankhondo zaku Japan. Chaka chotsatira chinawonjezera ndalama ndikuyambiranso ntchito. Mavalavu achitsulo a NPS14 ~ NPS36, koma chifukwa cha kutsika kwachuma, bizinesi yocheperako, komanso kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa ndalama zochepa, sanathe kuchira mpaka madzulo a kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China.
Mu 1935, eni masheya asanu kuphatikiza Li Chenghai, wamalonda wadziko lonse, adakhazikitsa pamodzi Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale ndi Tieling Valve Factory) pa Shishiwei Road, Nancheng District, Shenyang City. Kukonza ndi kupanga ma valve. Mu 1939, fakitaleyo idasamutsidwira ku Beierma Road, Tiexi District kuti ikule, ndipo malo awiri akuluakulu opangira zinthu zopangira ndi kukonza makina adamangidwa. Pofika mu 1945, idakula kufika pa antchito 400, ndipo zinthu zake zazikulu zinali: ma boiler akuluakulu, ma valve amkuwa, ndi ma valve achitsulo opangidwa pansi pa nthaka okhala ndi kukula kochepera DN800. Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory ndi wopanga ma valve omwe akuvutika kuti apulumuke ku China yakale.
03 Makampani opanga ma valve kumbuyo
Pa Nkhondo Yotsutsana ndi Japan, mabizinesi ambiri ku Shanghai ndi madera ena anasamukira kumwera chakumadzulo, kotero chiwerengero cha mabizinesi ku Chongqing ndi madera ena kumbuyo chinakwera, ndipo makampani anayamba kukula. Mu 1943, Chongqing Hongtai Machinery Factory ndi Huachang Machinery Factory (mafakitale onsewa anali akale a Chongqing Valve Factory) anayamba kukonza ndi kupanga zida za mapaipi ndi ma valve otsika mphamvu, zomwe zinathandiza kwambiri pakupanga kupanga ma valve kumbuyo ndi kuthetsa ma valve wamba. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa Nkhondo Yotsutsana ndi Japan, Lisheng Hardware Factory, Zhenxing Industrial Society, Jinshunhe Hardware Factory ndi Qiyi Hardware Factory zinatsegulidwa motsatizana kuti zipange ma valve ang'onoang'ono. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, mafakitale awa adaphatikizidwa kukhala Chongqing Valve Factory.
Panthawiyo, enaopanga mavavuKu Shanghai adapitanso ku Tianjin, Nanjing ndi Wuxi kukamanga mafakitale okonza ndi kupanga ma valve. Mafakitale ena a hardware, mafakitale a mapaipi achitsulo, mafakitale amakina kapena malo opangira zombo ku Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou ndi Guangzhou nawonso akhala akugwira ntchito yokonza ndi kupanga ma valve ena a mapaipi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-21-2022
