Mbiri ya Chitukuko cha Makampani Opanga Ma Valve ku China (2)

Gawo loyamba la makampani opanga ma valve (1949-1959)

01 Konzani kuti muthandize kubwezeretsa chuma cha dziko

Kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1952 inali nthawi yomwe chuma cha dziko langa chinayambanso kuyenda bwino. Chifukwa cha kufunika kwa zomangamanga zachuma, dzikolo likufunikira thandizo lalikulu mwachangu.mavavu, osati kokhamavavu otsika mphamvu, komanso gulu la ma valve amphamvu kwambiri komanso apakati omwe sanapangidwe panthawiyo. Momwe mungakonzere kupanga ma valve kuti akwaniritse zosowa zadzidzidzi za dzikolo ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yovuta.

1. Chitsogozo ndi chithandizo pakupanga

Mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya "kukulitsa kupanga, kupititsa patsogolo chuma, kuganizira za boma ndi zachinsinsi, komanso kupindulitsa antchito ndi ndalama", boma la anthu likugwiritsa ntchito njira yokonza ndi kuyitanitsa, ndipo limathandizira mwamphamvu mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati kuti atsegulenso ndikupanga ma valve. Madzulo a kukhazikitsidwa kwa People's Republic of China, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory pamapeto pake idatseka bizinesi yake chifukwa cha ngongole zake zambiri komanso kusakhala ndi msika wa zinthu zake, ndikusiya antchito 7 okha kuti alondere fakitaleyo, ndikugulitsa zida 14 zamakina kuti zisunge ndalama. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, mothandizidwa ndi boma la anthu, fakitaleyo idayambiranso kupanga, ndipo chiwerengero cha antchito chaka chimenecho chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 7 kufika pa 96 pamene idayamba. Pambuyo pake, fakitaleyo idalandira kukonza zinthu kuchokera ku Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, ndipo kupanga kunayambanso. Chiwerengero cha antchito chinawonjezeka kufika pa 329, ndi kutulutsa kwa ma valve osiyanasiyana 610 pachaka, ndi phindu la ma yuan 830,000. Munthawi yomweyi ku Shanghai, osati makampani achinsinsi okha omwe anali atapanga ma valve anatsegulidwanso, komanso chifukwa cha kuchira kwa chuma cha dziko, mabizinesi ambiri ang'onoang'ono achinsinsi anatsegulidwa kapena kusinthidwa kukhala opanga ma valve, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti bungwe la Construction Hardware Association panthawiyo likulire mofulumira.

2. Kugula ndi kugulitsa kogwirizana, konzani kupanga ma valve

Popeza makampani ambiri achinsinsi akusintha kukhala opanga ma valve, bungwe loyambirira la Shanghai Construction Hardware Association lalephera kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukonza. Mu 1951, opanga ma valve ku Shanghai adakhazikitsa mabizinesi 6 ogwirizana kuti agwire ntchito zokonza ndi kuyitanitsa ku Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station of China Hardware Machinery Company, ndikukhazikitsa kugula ndi kugulitsa kogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, Daxin Iron Works, yomwe imagwira ntchito yokonza ma valve akuluakulu okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndi Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong ndi Lianggong Machinery Factory, yomwe imagwira ntchito yokonza ma valve okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, onse amathandizidwa ndi Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, Ministry of Industry of East China ndi Central Fuel. Motsogozedwa ndi Petroleum Administration of the Ministry of Industry, maoda olunjika amayikidwa, kenako amatembenukira ku maoda okonza. Boma la Anthu lathandiza mabizinesi achinsinsi kuthana ndi mavuto opanga ndi kugulitsa kudzera mu ndondomeko yogwirizana yogulira ndi kugulitsa, poyamba lasintha chisokonezo cha zachuma cha mabizinesi achinsinsi, ndikukweza chidwi cha eni mabizinesi ndi antchito pakupanga, omwe ali kumbuyo kwambiri paukadaulo, zida ndi mikhalidwe ya fakitale. Pansi pa izi, lapereka zinthu zambiri zama valavu kwa mabizinesi ofunikira monga mafakitale amagetsi, mafakitale achitsulo ndi minda yamafuta kuti ayambenso kupanga.

3. Chitukuko chobwezeretsa ntchito zomanga chuma cha dziko

Mu dongosolo loyamba la zaka zisanu, boma lapeza mapulojekiti omanga okwana 156, omwe kubwezeretsa Yumen Oil Field ndi kupanga kwa Anshan Iron and Steel Company ndi mapulojekiti awiri akuluakulu. Kuti ayambenso kupanga ku Yumen Oilfield mwachangu, Ofesi Yoyang'anira Mafuta ya Unduna wa Zamafuta idakonza kupanga zida zamakina amafuta ku Shanghai. Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory ndi ena ayamba ntchito yoyesa kupanga ma valve achitsulo opanikizika pang'ono. N'zotheka kulingalira zovuta za ma valve okakamiza pang'ono omwe amayesedwa ndi mafakitale ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mawonekedwe a workshop. Mitundu ina imatha kutsanziridwa malinga ndi zitsanzo zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adapereka, ndipo zinthu zenizeni zimafufuzidwa ndikujambulidwa. Popeza mtundu wa zitsulo zoponyedwa sunali wokwanira, thupi loyambirira la valve yachitsulo lidayenera kusinthidwa kukhala zoponyera. Panthawiyo, panalibe chobowolera cha kukonza dzenje lozungulira la valve ya padziko lonse, kotero linkangobowoledwa ndi manja, kenako nkukonzedwa ndi woyikira. Titagonjetsa mavuto ambiri, pamapeto pake tinapambana pakupanga ma valve a NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 achitsulo chapakati ndi ma valve a globe, omwe analandiridwa bwino ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1952, mafakitale a Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong ndi mafakitale ena anayamba ntchito yopanga ma valve achitsulo chopangidwa ndi mafuta ambiri. Panthawiyo, mapangidwe ndi miyezo ya Soviet idagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo akatswiri adaphunzira pochita, ndikugonjetsa mavuto ambiri pakupanga. Kupanga ma valve achitsulo chopangidwa ndi Shanghai kudakonzedwa ndi Unduna wa Mafuta, komanso kunapeza mgwirizano ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana ku Shanghai. Asia Factory (tsopano Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) idapereka ma castings achitsulo omwe adakwaniritsa zofunikira, ndipo Sifang Boiler Factory idathandizira pakuphulika. Pomaliza mayesowo adapambana pakupanga ma valve achitsulo chopangidwa ndi cast, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adakonza kupanga ma valve ambiri ndikutumiza ku Yumen Oilfield kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi yake. Nthawi yomweyo, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works ndi Shanghai Daxin Iron Works nawonso adaperekamavavu otsika mphamvundi kukula kwakukulu kwa mafakitale opangira magetsi, Anshan Iron and Steel Company iyambiranso kupanga ndi kumanga mizinda.

Pa nthawi yomwe chuma cha dziko chinkayambanso kuyenda bwino, makampani opanga ma valve m'dziko langa adakula mofulumira. Mu 1949, mphamvu ya ma valve inali 387t yokha, yomwe idakwera kufika pa 1015t mu 1952. Mwaukadaulo, yatha kupanga ma valve achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi ma valve akuluakulu otsika mphamvu, omwe samangopereka ma valve ofanana kuti chuma cha dziko chibwererenso, komanso adakhazikitsa maziko abwino a chitukuko chamtsogolo cha makampani opanga ma valve ku China.

02 Makampani opanga ma valve anayamba

Mu 1953, dziko langa linayamba dongosolo lake loyamba la zaka zisanu, ndipo magawo a mafakitale monga mafuta, makampani opanga mankhwala, zitsulo, magetsi ndi malasha zonse zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko chikhale chofulumira. Panthawiyi, kufunika kwa ma valve kunachulukirachulukira. Panthawiyo, ngakhale kuti panali mafakitale ambiri ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga ma valve, mphamvu zawo zaukadaulo zinali zofooka, zida zawo zinali zakale, mafakitale awo anali osavuta, masikelo awo anali ochepa kwambiri, ndipo anali omwazikana kwambiri. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitukuko chachangu cha chuma cha dziko, Unduna Woyamba wa Makampani Opanga Makina (wotchedwa Unduna Woyamba wa Makina) ukupitiriza kukonzanso ndikusintha mabizinesi oyambira achinsinsi ndikukulitsa kupanga ma valve. Nthawi yomweyo, pali mapulani ndi njira zomangira maziko ndi ma valve ofunikira. Makampani, makampani a ma valve a dziko langa anayamba kuyamba.

1. Kukonzanso makampani achiwiri a ma valve ku Shanghai

Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, Chipanichi chinakhazikitsa mfundo ya "kugwiritsa ntchito, kuletsa ndi kusintha" makampani ndi malonda a capitalist.

Zinapezeka kuti panali mafakitale ang'onoang'ono a ma valve 60 kapena 70 ku Shanghai. Mafakitale akuluakulu kwambiri mwa amenewa anali ndi anthu 20 mpaka 30 okha, ndipo ang'onoang'ono okha anali ndi anthu ochepa. Ngakhale kuti mafakitale a ma valve amenewa amapanga ma valve, ukadaulo wawo ndi kasamalidwe kawo ndi kocheperako, zida ndi nyumba za fakitale ndizosavuta, ndipo njira zopangira ndizosavuta. Ena ali ndi lathe imodzi kapena ziwiri zosavuta kapena zida zamakina a lamba, ndipo pali uvuni wokha wopangira, womwe ambiri mwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja. , popanda luso lopanga ndi zida zoyesera. Izi sizili zoyenera kupanga zamakono, komanso sizingakwaniritse zofunikira zopanga zomwe boma likukonzekera, ndipo sizingatheke kuwongolera mtundu wa zinthu za ma valve. Pachifukwa ichi, Boma la Anthu a Municipal People's Shanghai lapanga mgwirizano ndi opanga ma valve ku Shanghai, ndipo lakhazikitsa Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 ndi mabizinesi ena apakati. Kuphatikiza kasamalidwe kamene kali pamwambapa, kogwirizana pankhani ya ukadaulo ndi khalidwe, komwe kumagwirizanitsa bwino kasamalidwe kosagwirizana komanso kosokonezeka, motero kulimbikitsa kwambiri chidwi cha antchito ambiri kuti amange chikhalidwe cha anthu, uku ndiye kukonzanso kwakukulu koyamba kwa makampani opanga ma valve.

Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa boma ndi mabungwe achinsinsi mu 1956, makampani opanga ma valve ku Shanghai adasinthidwanso kachiwiri ndikukonzanso mafakitale pamlingo waukulu, ndipo makampani aluso monga Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company ndi General Machinery Company adakhazikitsidwa. Kampani ya ma valve yomwe poyamba inali yogwirizana ndi makampani opanga zida zomangira yakhazikitsa Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, ndi Xie m'chigawo chilichonse. Pali mafakitale pafupifupi 20 apakati ku Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, ndi zina zotero. Fakitale iliyonse yapakati ili ndi mafakitale angapo a satellite omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wake. Nthambi ya chipani ndi mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito wamba adakhazikitsidwa mufakitale yapakati. Boma linasankha oimira anthu kuti aziyang'anira ntchito zoyang'anira, ndipo motsatira izi linakhazikitsa mabungwe opanga, opereka, ndi azachuma, ndipo pang'onopang'ono linakhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera zofanana ndi mabizinesi aboma. Nthawi yomweyo, dera la Shenyang linaphatikizanso mafakitale ang'onoang'ono 21 kukhala Chengfa.Valavu ya ChipataFakitale. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, boma labweretsa kupanga mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati mu njira yokonzekera dziko lonse kudzera m'mabungwe oyang'anira pamlingo uliwonse, ndipo lakonzekera ndikukonzekera kupanga ma valve. Uku ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kupanga ma valve kuyambira pomwe New China idakhazikitsidwa.

2. Shenyang General Machinery Factory yasintha kupanga ma valve

Panthawi yomweyi pamene opanga ma valve ku Shanghai ankakonzanso, Dipatimenti Yoyamba Yopanga Makina inagawa kupanga zinthu za fakitale iliyonse yogwirizana mwachindunji, ndikulongosola bwino njira yopangira mafakitale ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi mafakitale akuluakulu aboma am'deralo. Shenyang General Machinery Factory inasinthidwa kukhala kampani yopanga ma valve yaukadaulo. Kampani yomwe idatsogolera fakitaleyo inali ofesi ya bureaucratic capital enterprise mainland ndi fakitale yachinyengo ya ku Japan ya Dechang. Pambuyo pokhazikitsidwa kwa New China, fakitaleyi idapanga makamaka zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina ndi mapaipi. Mu 1953, idayamba kupanga makina opangira matabwa. Mu 1954, pomwe inali pansi pa utsogoleri wa First Bureau of the Machinery Ministry, inali ndi antchito 1,585 ndi makina ndi zida 147 zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo ili ndi mphamvu zopangira zitsulo zotayidwa, ndipo mphamvu zaukadaulo ndi zamphamvu. Kuyambira mu 1955, kuti igwirizane ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo la dziko, yasintha bwino kupanga ma valve, yamanganso malo oyambira opangira zitsulo, osonkhanitsira, zida, kukonza makina ndi chitsulo, yamanga malo atsopano ochitira riveting ndi welding, ndipo yakhazikitsa labotale yayikulu komanso malo otsimikizira metrological. Akatswiri ena adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku Shenyang Pump Factory. Mu 1956, 837t yamavavu otsika mphamvuzinapangidwa, ndipo kupanga ma valve amphamvu kwambiri ndi apakati kunayamba. Mu 1959, ma valve okwana 4213t anapangidwa, kuphatikizapo ma valve okwana 1291t amphamvu kwambiri ndi apakati. Mu 1962, idasinthidwa dzina kukhala Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory ndipo idakhala imodzi mwa mabizinesi akuluakulu kwambiri mumakampani opanga ma valve.

3. Chimake choyamba cha kupanga ma valavu

M'masiku oyambirira a kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, kupanga ma valve m'dziko langa kunathetsedwa makamaka ndi mgwirizano ndi nkhondo. Mu nthawi ya "Great Leap Forward", makampani opanga ma valve m'dziko langa adakumana ndi nthawi yoyamba yopanga ma valve. Kutulutsa ma valve: 387t mu 1949, 8126t mu 1956, 49746t mu 1959, kuchulukitsa ka 128.5 kuposa 1949, ndi kuchulukitsa ka 6.1 kuposa 1956 pamene mgwirizano wa boma ndi wachinsinsi unakhazikitsidwa. Kupanga ma valve okwera ndi apakatikati kunayamba mochedwa, ndipo kupanga kwakukulu kunayamba mu 1956, ndi kutulutsa kwa pachaka kwa 175t. Mu 1959, kutulutsa kunafika 1799t, komwe kunali kuchulukitsa ka 10.3 kuposa 1956. Kukula mwachangu kwa zomangamanga zachuma zadziko kwalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa makampani opanga ma valve. Mu 1955, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory idayesa bwino kupanga valavu ya mtengo wa Khirisimasi ya Yumen Oilfield; Mafakitale ena a makina a Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa ndi mafakitale ena a makina oyesera kupanga zitsulo zotayidwa, mavavu apakati ndi opanikizika kwambiri komanso kupanikizika pang'ono kwa minda yamafuta ndi mafakitale a feteleza. Mavavu a feteleza opanikizika kwambiri a PN160 ndi PN320; Shenyang General Machinery Factory ndi Suzhou Iron Factory (yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Suzhou Valve Factory) adayesa bwino kupanga mavavu opanikizika kwambiri a fakitale ya feteleza ya Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation; Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory idayesa bwino kupanga valavu yamagetsi yokhala ndi kukula koyenera kwa DN3000. Unali valavu yayikulu komanso yolemera kwambiri ku China panthawiyo; Shenyang General Machinery Factory idayesa bwino kupanga mavavu opanikizika kwambiri okhala ndi kukula koyenera kwa DN3 ~ DN10 ndi kupsinjika pang'ono kwa PN1500 ~ PN2000 kwa chipangizo choyesera chapakati cha polyethylene chopanikizika kwambiri; Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory yopangidwira makampani opanga zitsulo. Vavu ya mpweya wotentha wotentha kwambiri yokhala ndi kukula koyenera kwa DN600 ndi valavu yotulutsira madzi ya DN900; Fakitale ya Dalian Valve, Fakitale ya Wafangdian Valve, ndi zina zotero, nazonso zafika pakukula mwachangu. Kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma valve kwalimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani opanga ma valve. Makamaka ndi zosowa zomanga za makampani a "Great Leap Forward", mafakitale ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati a ma valve ayamba kufalikira mdziko lonselo. Pofika mu 1958, makampani opanga ma valve mdziko lonse anali ndi pafupifupi zana limodzi, zomwe zimapanga gulu lalikulu lopanga ma valve. Mu 1958, kuchuluka kwa ma valve kunakwera kufika pa 24,163t, kuwonjezeka kwa 80% kuposa 1957; Panthawiyi, kupanga ma valve mdziko langa kunali pachimake chake choyamba. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa opanga ma valve, kunabweretsanso mavuto angapo. Mwachitsanzo: kutsata kuchuluka kokha, osati khalidwe; "kuchita njira zazing'ono ndikuchita zazikulu, zakomweko", kusowa kwa mikhalidwe yaukadaulo; kapangidwe kake pamene akuchita, kusowa kwa malingaliro wamba; kukopera ndi kukopera, zomwe zimayambitsa chisokonezo chaukadaulo. Chifukwa cha mfundo zawo zosiyana, iliyonse ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mawu akuti ma valve sali ofanana m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo kuthamanga kwapadera ndi kukula kwapadera sikofanana. Mafakitale ena amatchula miyezo ya Soviet, ena amatchula miyezo ya ku Japan, ndipo ena amatchula miyezo ya ku America ndi Britain. Kusokonezeka kwambiri. Ponena za mitundu, zofunikira, miyeso yolumikizira, kutalika kwa kapangidwe kake, mikhalidwe yoyesera, miyezo yoyesera, zizindikiro za utoto, zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, ndi muyeso, ndi zina zotero. Makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira imodzi ya "kufananiza chiwerengero cha mipando", khalidwe silikutsimikiziridwa, zotuluka sizikukwera, ndipo phindu lazachuma silikukwera. Mkhalidwe panthawiyo unali "wobalalika, wosokonezeka, wochepa, komanso wotsika", kutanthauza kuti, mafakitale a ma valve anali omwazikana kulikonse, njira yoyendetsera zinthu mosokonekera, kusowa kwa miyezo yogwirizana yaukadaulo ndi zofunikira, komanso khalidwe lochepa la zinthu. Pofuna kusintha vutoli, boma linaganiza zokonza antchito oyenerera kuti achite kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza kupanga zinthu pavalavumafakitale.

4. Kafukufuku woyamba wa dziko lonse wokhudza kupanga ma valve

Pofuna kudziwa momwe ma valve amagwirira ntchito, mu 1958, Maofesi Oyamba ndi Achitatu a Dipatimenti Yoyamba Yopanga Makina adakonza kafukufuku wa dziko lonse wokhudza kupanga ma valve. Gulu lofufuza linapita ku madera 4 ndi mizinda 24 kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China, kumpoto kwa China, kum'mawa kwa China ndi pakati pa South China kuti akafufuze mokwanira mafakitale 90 a ma valve. Iyi ndi kafukufuku woyamba wa ma valve mdziko lonse kuyambira pomwe People's Republic of China idakhazikitsidwa. Panthawiyo, kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri opanga ma valve okhala ndi mitundu yambiri komanso zofunikira, monga Shenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, ndi Dalian Valve. Fakitale, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (yomwe idatsogolera Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, opanga ma valve angapo ku Shanghai ndi Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ndi 6 mafakitale, ndi zina zotero.

Kudzera mu kafukufukuyu, mavuto akuluakulu omwe alipo pakupanga ma valve apezeka:

1) Kusowa kwa mapulani onse ndi kugawa bwino ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zibwerezedwe mobwerezabwereza komanso kusokoneza mphamvu zogwirira ntchito.

2) Miyezo ya zinthu za valavu si yogwirizana, zomwe zabweretsa mavuto akulu pakusankha ndi kukonza kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.

3) Maziko a ntchito yoyezera ndi kuyang'anira ndi osauka kwambiri, ndipo n'kovuta kutsimikizira ubwino wa zinthu za valavu ndi kupanga zinthu zambiri.

Poyankha mavuto omwe ali pamwambapa, gulu lofufuza linapereka njira zitatu ku maunduna ndi mabungwe, kuphatikizapo kulimbitsa kukonzekera konse, kugawa bwino ntchito, ndi kukonza bwino kupanga ndi kugulitsa; kulimbitsa miyezo ndi ntchito yowunikira thupi ndi mankhwala, kupanga miyezo yogwirizana ya ma valavu; ndikuchita kafukufuku woyesera. 1. Atsogoleri a Bungwe Lachitatu adawona izi kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, adayang'ana kwambiri ntchito yokhazikitsa miyezo. Adapatsa Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machinery kuti akonze opanga ma valavu oyenerera kuti apange miyezo ya zowonjezera za mapaipi yoperekedwa ndi unduna, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mumakampani mu 1961. Pofuna kutsogolera kapangidwe ka ma valavu a fakitale iliyonse, bungweli lalemba ndikusindikiza "Manual of Valve Design". Muyezo wa zowonjezera za mapaipi woperekedwa ndi unduna ndi gulu loyamba la miyezo ya ma valavu m'dziko langa, ndipo "Manual of Valve Design" ndi deta yoyamba yaukadaulo yopangidwa ndi ife tokha, yomwe yakhala ndi gawo labwino pakukweza mulingo wa kapangidwe ka zinthu za ma valavu m'dziko langa. Kudzera mu kafukufukuyu wapadziko lonse, mfundo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha makampani opanga ma valve mdziko langa m'zaka 10 zapitazi yapezeka, ndipo njira zothandiza komanso zothandiza zatengedwa kuti zithetsedwe kwathunthu kutsanzira kosokoneza kwa kupanga ma valve ndi kusowa kwa miyezo. Ukadaulo wopanga zinthu unapita patsogolo kwambiri ndipo unayamba kulowa mu gawo latsopano la kudzipanga ndi kukonza kupanga zinthu zambiri.

Chidule cha 03

Kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1959, dziko langavalavuMakampani anachira msanga ku chisokonezo cha ku China chakale ndipo anayamba; kuyambira kukonza, kuyerekezera mpaka kupanga okhadKupanga ndi kupanga, kuyambira kupanga ma valve otsika mphamvu mpaka kupanga ma valve amphamvu kwambiri komanso apakati, poyamba adapanga makampani opanga ma valve. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa liwiro la kupanga, palinso mavuto ena. Popeza idaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la dziko, pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka Unduna Woyamba wa Makina, chifukwa cha vutoli chapezeka kudzera mu kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku, ndipo njira zothandiza komanso zogwira mtima zatengedwa kuti zithandize kupanga ma valve kuti azigwirizana ndi liwiro la zomangamanga zachuma za dziko, komanso pakukula kwa makampani a ma valve. Ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe amakampani kwakhazikitsa maziko abwino.